Catatonia

Catatonia is a psychomotor disturbance that can manifest as extreme motor immobility (e.g., stupor) or excessive motor activity that appears purposeless. It may also include peculiarities of voluntary movement, echolalia (mimicking speech), or echopraxia (mimicking movements).

Key Points:

• Context: Associated with mood disorders (e.g., major depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), but can also occur in medical or neurological conditions.
• Symptoms: Mutism, posturing, negativism (resistance to instructions), rigidity, and “waxy flexibility” (limb remains in position placed by someone else).
• Treatment: Benzodiazepines are often effective; in severe cases, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) may be used.
• Importance of Prompt Care: Prolonged catatonia can lead to complications like malnutrition or dehydration.